Definition and Examples of Reporting Verbs in English

In English grammar, a reporting verb is a  verb (such as say, tell, believe, reply, respond, or ask) used to indicate that discourse is being quoted or paraphrased. Its also called a  communication verb. [T]he number of  reporting verbs  that can be employed to mark  paraphrases  is around a dozen, author Eli Hinkel reported, and  they can be learned with relative ease while working on a writing assignment (e.g.,  the author says, states, indicates, comments, notes, observes, believes, points out, emphasizes, advocates, reports, concludes, underscores, mentions, finds), not to mention phrases with similar textual functions such as  according to the author, as the author states/indicates, in the authors view/opinion/understanding,  or  as noted/stated/mentioned. Tenses and Their Uses Most often, reporting verbs, such as seen in fiction to show dialogue, are in the past tense, because as soon as a speaker says something, it is literally in the past.   George Carlin illustrates this in this example of reported speech: I went to a bookstore and  asked  the saleswoman, Wheres the self-help section? She  said  if she  told  me, it would defeat the purpose. To contrast with  words spoken once, putting a reporting verb in the present tense is used to show an adage, something that someone has said in the past and continues to say or presently believes. For example: She always says how hes not good enough for you. Next, a reporting verb may be in the historical present tense (to refer to an event that took place in the past). The historical present is often used for dramatic effect or immediacy, to place the reader right in the scene. The technique should be used sparingly, so you dont create confusion, but its use can make for a dramatic lead to a story, for example. The year is 1938, the place, Paris. The soldiers smash shop windows and run through the street  and yell...   You also use reporting verbs in  the literary present tense (to refer to any aspect of a work of literature). This is because no matter what year you watch a particular movie or read a book, the events always unfold in the same way. The characters always say the same thing in the same order. For example, if youre writing on Hamlet, you might write, Hamlet shows his anguish when he speaks his To be soliloquy. Or if youre reviewing fantastic movie lines, you might write, Who can forget when Humphrey Bogart says  to Ingrid Bergman, Heres looking at you, kid  in Casablanca?   Dont Overuse Reporting Verbs When youre writing dialogue, if the identity of a speaker is clear from the context, such as in a back-and-forth conversation between two people, the reporting phrase is often omitted; it doesnt have to be used with  each line of dialogue, just enough times to make sure the reader doesnt get lost as far as whos speaking, such as if the conversation is long or if a third party interjects. And if the lines of conversation are short, using a bunch of he said she said gets distracting for the reader. Its more effective to leave them out in this instance. Overusing creative substitutions for, said can also get distracting for the reader. A reader goes by said quickly and doesnt lose the flow of the dialogue. Be judicious in using substitutions for said.   The line of dialogue belongs to the character; the verb is the writer sticking his nose in, wrote Elmore Leonard in  The New York Times.  But  said  is far less intrusive than  grumbled, gasped, cautioned, lied. I once noticed Mary McCarthy ending a line of dialogue with she asseverated, and had to stop reading to get the dictionary. Sources Teaching Academic ESL Writing. Routledge, 2004Elmore Leonard, Easy on the Adverbs, Exclamation Points and Especially Hooptedoodle.  July 16, 2001

Asking The Right Questions A Critical Thinker - 1903 Words

Critical thinking is the analyzing and evaluating of information in order to form a judgment or decision. This paper will use the techniques outlined in â€Å"Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking† by Browne and Keeley (2015) to analyze a business memo written October 10, 2014 by Anil Ravaswami, Vice President of Human Resources, of Cliffside Holding Company of Massapequa (CHCM). These techniques outlined will help develop critical thinking by showing how to ask questions in order to analyze and process the information in the memo. By utilizing these techniques, managers will be able to assess relevant information in order to solve complex issues and be able to communicate effectively. The Manager as a Critical†¦show more content†¦Once you know the why, you can then evaluate the strength of the reasoning, (Browne and Keeley, 2015). Mr. Ravaswami gives numerous reasons throughout his memo on why CHCM should not develop a leadership development program. His first reason is that none of the current twelve senior executives required a development program in order to become leaders. He further states that leaders are born and not made and that a physical characteristic to look for in leaders is if they are tall. He also believes that leadership programs are a waste of money and that if the money is spent on the program, there won’t be money left in the budget for recruiting. He also believes that Ms. Forsythe has a personal agenda against him and is pushing the theories of the Aspen Institute; theories that he does not believe are appropriate for the culture of CHCM. Which Words or Phrases are Ambiguous? In order to critically analyze an issue, you need to be able to recognize which words or phrases are ambiguous and determine if you accept the author’s definition of them (Browne Keeley, 2015). This will help you decide if you agree with the author’s conclusion. Mr. Ravaswami used several ambiguous words and phrases throughout his memo. For example, his use of the term â€Å"executives† to describe both the leaders of the company (senior executives) and the junior insurance executives is confusing. The online referenceShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking vs Making Assumptions Essay1139 Words   |  5 Pages Critical thinking takes consistent behavior in asking the right questions about the subject. In my life, I have come across people who ask many questions and some people who â€Å"go with the flow† and believe everything they hear because it is spoken with some sort of authority. Assumptions can be damaging to relationships and without critical thinking and communication, our thought process can assume the wrong idea entirely. When I speak with someone who is a critical thinker, they can be so convincingRead MoreEssay about Barriers and Obstacles to Critical Thinking728 Words   |  3 PagesBarriers and Obstacles to Critical Thinking Your Name PHL 251 March 21, 2011 Philip Reynolds Barriers and Obstacles to Critical Thinking Critical thinking helps thinkers to act instead of reacting. Reacting results in hasty decisions that are not always well thought-out. Quick decisions can lead to error or cause more problems. Evaluating decision is important to the decision-making process. During reflections a thinker can rethink what the outcome was and if the problem could have beenRead MoreTeaching Critical Thinking For Young Learners Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of this research is to show how teaching critical thinking to young learners result in higher level critical thinking adults. Critical thinking children become critical thinking adults. 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An illustrative recurring example of my absorbing a large amount of given information without questioning it, is when I read a particularly thrilling book, such as crime fiction. In this case, I choose to drink in the authors words, as they make me feel part of the story. However, at times I feel compelled to analyze the intake of informationRead MoreCritical Thinking As A Critical Thinker947 Words   |  4 PagesAs humane beans we speak about critical thinking as a person who thinks thing out very clear, with purpose and multifaceted ideas. This is somewhat true. Yes, that does help to begin and mend a critical thinker but critical thinking also includes a combination of skills. Those main characteristics are self-awareness, honesty, open-mindedness discipline, and judgment. Using these characteristics daily and with practice develops an amazing critical thinker. That person can live life solving hard problems

Summer by David Updike free essay sample

David Updike’s story â€Å"Summer† describes one summer holiday of a boy named Homer. He is faced with the external conflict on an unrequited love. Homer, the protagonist, is spending the summer at his best friend, Fred’s home near the lake. The summer, for the most, followed the usual flow of ‘athletic and boyhood fulfillment† (para 11) for Homer and Fred. There were the tennis matches and hiking, the alcohol and hanging out late at night and the reckless driving of both the car and the motorboat out on the lake. However, what made this summer special to Homer was that he had fallen in love with Fred’s sister, Sandra, the antagonist. Sadly, though, she did not seem to really notice him despite all the times they spent together, and so he suffered the heartache of regret and longing as he faced his conflict of an â€Å"unrequited† love. The story progressed describing Homers affliction, showing him trying, but failing, to discard his feelings for Sandra. We will write a custom essay sample on Summer by David Updike or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The climax of the story occurs at the very end of the summer when in a family setting, on the last night, both Homer and Sandra are on the same couch. Homer, in a â€Å"moment of breathless abandon† (para 16), settles his hand on the hollow of Sandra’s arch as she lay beside him. The conflict is then resolved when, from her reaction, he realized that she also loved him, but thought the love was in the end returned, that was as far as it would ever go. Student Response I think we can all relate to Homer’s situation; finding that one girl we fall in love with at sight but feeling that she does not return the feelings despite becoming close. One may express this in slang terms as being â€Å"friendzoned† or â€Å"brotherzoned†. However, in the end the story suggests to me that love comes amidst all else, and though we may not always be able to clearly see it, we must not give up hope that it may be there, for it just might be. Study Question No. 1 I like how this love story relates to the lesser told side of love. It is very satisfying in the way in which it ends as it was less expected. If, in turn, it had spun around and allowed Homer and Sandra to openly acknowledge their feelings and kiss, I do not think the story would have been as effective. It would have simply followed the cliched â€Å"happily ever after† ending, which is overused and unappealing to the reader, leaving a taste of dissatisfaction. The sense of silent satisfaction of a secretly acknowledged love is much more touching and real.

Violence And Nonviolence Essays (890 words) - Pacifism,

Violence And Nonviolence Violence is a problem that we as humans, deal with everyday. Today, it seems that we deal with it in just about every aspect of our lives. From children's cartoons to the nightly news, we are witnesses to its power and harm. A highly debated argument for the causes of violence are surrounding our homes as well as our government. No matter the causes of violence or for that fact aggressors, we have a personal responsibility must be taken for violent actions. We are given the choice to decide how we each want to live our lives; but before we decide, we must look at the ethical issues that surround our choices. Most humans strive to live a good, pure life. Violence is one of the few instances that destroys that good life. It is something that we work towards eliminating. It is defined as an act taken against another being with the intent to do harm. We often consider violence in terms of the physical aggressor, yet violence can surface in a variety of ways even including self-defense. Violence is a result of conflicting interests or unresolvable differences. In most instances, both parties to he conflict feel that they are right and that their actions are justified. However, there are other cases in which their is a clear aggressor and victim. Nevertheless, violence is a very complicated and difficult issue. By its very nature, violence is an act against life. Life, is sacred. It is cherished, not out of purpose of use, not instrumental, but for the good, intrinsic value of its very being. Violence is instrumental. It is a means to an end. There is no intrinsical goodness in violence. Violent acts are not good for the sake of violence itself. A single question that arises out of the argument of violence and nonviolence, Is violence ever justifiable or acceptable. The two main types of arguments that arise are the self-defense paradigm and pacifism. The self-defense paradigm accepts violence as a means to protect one's life, or the life of others. This argument interprets life as being intrinsically good and for instrumental purposes, but accepts lethal results as an unintended consequence of defense. Pacifism argues that violence is never acceptable. Because violence is an instrumental act, it undermines and disrespects human life as a cherished entity. Upon first evaluation of these arguments, I preferred the self-defense paradigm. I believe I am more of a realist. I thought that violence was inevitable. No matter the strategy, violence is going to be the end result. However, by the end of the semester, I have discovered something. The whole purpose of pacifism is to change the fact that violence is inevitable. It is a movement that teaches humans how to deal with the situations that inevitably end in violence. It is a way to defend life from aggressive threats. The pacifist may never risk killing his opponent, regardless of the consequences. At all times, they must be respectful and compassionate of life. I believe that I have changed my view because I have a greater understanding of pacifism. At first, I thought that it was the easy way out. It was the way to take to avoid a situation; "no matter the situation, never be violent." I thought of issues such as wars or if someone was trying to kill you or your family. How could someone not do anything? It was a weak person's answer to the argument. Then, out of the blue, it struck me. We are always talking about"bettering" the world, getting rid of violence. Well, we are imitative creatures. We do what we see. How are the younger generation of people going to be nonviolent when all they see is violence. If, we don't start demonstrating nonviolent, peaceful acts, what are they going to imitate? We are presenting self-defense as an excuse. It is justifiable but only if you don't intend to kill the other person. This can be a very risky situation. When defending yourself or someone else, you are allowed violence as long as you didn't mean to kill the aggressor? What happens when you can't decipher the aggressor? Nothing should be taken away from the self-defense philosophy. It is understandable and ethical. It would be hard not to defend yourself from an attacker, or to help a loved one. But, it just seems to me that in today's world, we must reevaluate our morals. Self-defense takes the idea that life is intrinsically good and should never be violated.

The Life and Death of Marie-Antoinette

The Life and Death of Marie-Antoinette Marie Antoinette (born Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-Lothringen; November 2,  1755–October 16,  1793) was an Austrian noble and French Queen Consort whose position as a hate figure for much of France helped contribute to the events of the French Revolution, during which she was executed. Fast Facts: Marie-Antoinette Known For:  As the queen of Louis XVI, she was executed during the French Revolution. She is often quoted as saying, Let them eat cake (there is no proof of this statement).Also Known As:  Maria Antonia Josepha Joanna von Ãâ€"sterreich-LothringenBorn:  November 2, 1755,  in Vienna (now in Austria)Parents: Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Austrian Empress Maria TheresaDied:  October 16, 1793, in Paris, FranceEducation: Private palace tutors  Spouse: King Louis XVI of FranceChildren: Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se-Charlotte, Louis Joseph Xavier Franà §ois, Louis Charles, Sophie Hà ©là ¨ne Bà ©atrice de FranceNotable Quote: I am calm, as people are whose consciences are clear. Early Years Marie-Antoinette was born on November 2nd, 1755. She was the eleventh daughter - eighth surviving - of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. All the royal sisters were called Marie as a sign of devotion to the Virgin Mary, and so the future queen became known by her second name – Antonia – which became Antoinette in France. She was bought up, like most noble women, to obey her future husband, an oddity given that her mother, Maria Theresa, was a powerful ruler in her own right. Her education was poor thanks to the choice of tutor, leading to later accusations that Marie was stupid; in fact, she was able with everything she was competently taught. Marriage to Dauphin Louis In 1756 Austria and France, long term enemies signed an alliance against the growing power of Prussia. This failed to quell the suspicions and prejudices each nation had long held for each other, and these problems were to affect Marie Antoinette deeply. However, to help cement the alliance it was decided that a marriage should be made between the two nations, and in 1770 Marie Antoinette was married to the heir to the French throne, Dauphin Louis. At this point her French was poor, and a special tutor was appointed. Marie now found herself in her mid-teens in a foreign country, largely cut off from the people and places of her childhood. She was in Versailles, a world where almost every action was governed by fiercely employed rules of etiquette which enforced and supported the monarchy, and which the young Marie thought ridiculous. However, at this early stage, she tried to adopt them. Marie Antoinette displayed what we would now call humanitarian instincts, but her marriage was far from happy to start with. Louis was often rumored to have had a medical problem which caused him pain during sex, but it’s likely he simply wasn’t doing the right thing, and so the marriage initially went unconsummated, and once it was there was still little chance of the much-desired heir being produced. The culture of the time - and her mother - blamed Marie, while close observation and attendant gossip undermined the future queen. Marie sought solace in a small circle of court friends, with whom later enemies would accuse her of hetero- and homosexual affairs. Austria had hoped that Marie Antoinette would dominate Louis and advance their own interests, and to this end first Maria Theresa and then Emperor Joseph II bombarded Marie with requests; in the end, she failed to have any effect on her husband until the French Revolution. Queen Consort of France Louis succeeded to the throne of France in 1774 as Louis XVI; at first, the new king and queen were wildly popular. Marie Antoinette had little regard or interest in court politics, of which there was a lot, and managed to offend by favoring a small group of courtiers in which foreigners seemed to dominate. It’s not surprising that Marie seemed to identify more with people away from their homelands, but public opinion often angrily interpreted this as Marie favoring others instead of the French. Marie masked over her early anxieties about children by growing ever more interested in court pursuits. In doing so she gained a reputation for outward frivolity - gambling, dancing, flirting, shopping - which has never gone away. But she was irreverent out of fear, self-doubting rather than self-absorbed. As Queen Consort Marie ran an expensive and opulent court, which was to be expected and certainly kept parts of Paris employed, but she did so at a time when French finances were collapsing, especially during and after the American Revolutionary War, so she was seen as a cause of wasteful excess. Indeed, her position as a foreigner to France, her expenditure, her perceived aloofness and her early lack of an heir led extreme slanders to be spread about her; claims of extramarital affairs were among the more benign, violent pornography was the other extreme. Opposition grew. The situation isn’t as clear cut as a gluttonous Marie spending freely as France collapsed. While Marie was keen to use her privileges - and she did spend - Marie rejected the established royal traditions and began to reshape the monarchy in a new fashion, rejecting stark formality for a more personal, almost friendly touch, possibly derived from her father. Out went the previous fashion on all but key occasions. Marie Antoinette favored privacy, intimacy, and simplicity over the previous Versailles regimes, and Louis XVI largely agreed. Unfortunately, a hostile French public reacted badly to these changes, interpreting them as signs of indolence and vice, as they undermined the way the French court had been built to survive. At some point, the phrase ‘Let them eat cake’ was falsely attributed to her. Queen, and Finally a Mother In 1778 Marie gave birth to her first child, a girl, and in 1781 the much longed for male heir arrived. Marie began to spend more and more time involved with her new family, and away from previous pursuits. Now the slanders moved away from Louis’ failings to the question of who the father was. The rumors continued to build, affecting both Marie Antoinette - who had previously managed to ignore them - and the French public, who increasingly saw the queen as a debauched, idiotic spendthrift who dominated Louis. Public opinion, on the whole, was turning. This situation worsened in 1785-6 when Maria was publicly accused in the ‘Affair of the Diamond Necklace’. Although she was innocent, she took the brunt of the negative publicity and the affair discredited the whole French monarchy. As Marie did begin to resist the pleas of her relatives to influence the King on behalf of Austria, and as Marie became more serious and engaged in the politics of France fully for the first time - she went to government meetings on issues which didn’t directly affect her - it so happened that France began to collapse into revolution. The King, with the country paralyzed by debt, tried to force reforms through an Assembly of Notables, and as this failed he became depressed. With an ill husband, a physically ill son, and the monarchy collapsing, Marie too became depressed and deeply afraid for her future, although she tried to keep the others afloat. Crowds now openly hissed at the Queen, who was nicknamed ‘Madame Deficit’ over her alleged spending. Marie Antoinette was directly responsible for the recall of Swiss banker Necker to the government, an openly popular move, but when her eldest son died in June 1789, the King and Queen fell into distraught mourning. Unfortunately, this was the exact moment when politics in France decisively changed. The Queen was now openly hated, and many of her close friends (who were also hated by association) fled France. Marie Antoinette stayed, out of feelings of duty and the sense of her position. It was to be a fatal decision, even if the mob only called for her to be sent to a convent at this point The French Revolution As the French Revolution developed, Marie had an influence over her weak and indecisive husband and was able to partly influence royal policy, although her idea of seeking sanctuary with the army away from both Versailles and Paris was rejected. As a mob of women stormed Versailles to harangue the king, a group broke into the queen’s bedroom shouting they wanted to kill Marie, who had just escaped to the king’s room. The royal family was coerced into moving to Paris, and effectively made prisoners. Marie decided to remove herself from the public eye as much as possible, and hope that she wouldn’t be blamed for the actions of aristocrats who had fled France and were agitating for foreign intervention. Marie appears to have become more patient, more pragmatic and, inevitably, more melancholic. For a while, life went on in a similar manner to before, in a strange sort of twilight. Marie Antoinette became then more pro-active again: it was Marie who negotiated with Mirabeau on how to save the crown, and Marie whose distrust of the man led to his advice being rejected. It was also Marie who initially arranged for her, Louis and the children to flee France, but they only reached Varennes before being caught. Throughout Marie Antoinette was insistent she would not flee without Louis, and certainly not without her children, who were still held in better regard than the king and queen. Marie also negotiated with Barnave on what form a constitutional monarchy might take, while also encouraging the Emperor to start armed protests, and form an alliance which would - as Marie hoped - threaten France into behaving. Marie worked frequently, diligently and in secret to help create this, but it was little more than a dream. As France declared war on Austria, Marie Antoinette was now seen as a literal enemy of the state by many. It is perhaps ironic that at the same instance as Marie began to distrust Austrian intentions under their new Emperor - she feared they would come for territory rather than in defense of the French crown - she still fed as much information as she could gather to the Austrians to aid them. The Queen had always been accused of treason and would be again at her trial, but a sympathetic biographer like Antonia Fraser argues Marie always thought her missives were in the best interest of France. The royal family was threatened by the mob before the monarchy was overthrown and the royals properly imprisoned. Louis was tried and executed, but not before Marie’s closest friend was murdered in the September Massacres and her head paraded on a pike before the royal prison. Trial and Death Marie Antoinette now became known, to those more charitably disposed to her, as Widow Capet. Louis’ death hit her hard, and she was allowed to dress in mourning. There was now debate over what to do with her: some hoped for an exchange with Austria, but the Emperor wasn’t overly worried about his aunt’s fate, while others wanted a trial and there was a tug of war between French government factions. Marie now grew very physically ill, her son was taken away, and she was moved to a new prison, where she became prisoner no. 280. There were ad hoc rescue attempts from admirers, but nothing came close. As influential parties in the French government finally got their way - they had decided the public should be given the head of the former queen - Marie Antoinette was tried. All the old slanders were trotted out, plus new ones like sexually abusing her son. While Marie responded at key times with great intelligence, the substance of the trial was irrelevant: her guilt had been pre-ordained, and this was the verdict. On October 16, 1793, she was taken to the guillotine, exhibiting the same courage and coolness with which she had greeted each episode of danger in the revolution, and executed. A Falsely Maligned Woman Marie Antoinette exhibited faults, such as spending frequently in an era when royal finances had been collapsing, but she remains one of the most incorrectly maligned figures in Europe’s history. She was at the forefront of a change in royal styles which would be widely adopted after her death, but she was in many ways too early. She was let down deeply by the actions of her husband and the French state to which she had been sent and cast aside much of her criticized frivolity once her husband had been able to contribute a family, allowing her to ably fulfill the role society wanted her to play. The days of the Revolution confirmed her as an able parent, and throughout her life as consort, she exhibited sympathy and charm. Many women in history have been the subject of slanders, but few ever reached the levels of those printed against Marie, and even fewer suffered as greatly from the way these stories affected public opinion. It is also unfortunate that Marie Antoinette was frequently accused of exactly what her relatives demanded of her - to dominate Louis and push policies favoring Austria - when Marie herself had no influence over Louis until the revolution. The question of her treason against France during the revolution is more problematic, but Marie thought she was acting loyally to the best interests of France, which was to her the French monarchy, not the revolutionary government.

American English vs. Canadian English (Spelling Differences)

American English vs. Canadian English (Spelling Differences) American English vs. Canadian English (Spelling Differences) If you refer to a Canadian person as being a mix of American and English, they will rightly object (albeit politely). But if you describe Canadian English in those terms, you wouldn’t be far from the truth! What does that mean in practice, though? Let us look at some of the spelling differences. Nice flag, but it could do with more stars Spelling Conventions in Canadian English Canadian English favors a mix of British and American spelling. In Canadian English, for example, the word â€Å"favor† would be spelled â€Å"favour,† which is the same as in the UK. Some key spelling conventions are summarized below. Canadian English: Prefers -ize and -yze word endings (e.g., organize and analyze) Uses -our at the end of some words instead of -or (e.g., colour or favour) Take -re instead of -er at the end of many words (e.g., centre or fibre) Uses -ce instead of se at the end of some words (e.g., defence or offence) Distinguishes between noun and verb forms of some words (e.g., practice and practise) Doubles the final â€Å"l† in words when adding a vowel suffix (e.g., traveller or cancelled) Prefers the British English spelling for terms that contain -ae- or -oe- (e.g. anaesthetic) Uses -ogue instead of -og at the end of certain words (e.g., catalogue) We can compare some of these spelling conventions in different dialects below. Canadian English American English British English organize/analyze organize/analyze organise/analyse colour color colour centre center centre defence defense defence practice (noun) practise (verb) practice (noun and verb) practice (noun) practise (verb) traveller traveler traveller anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic catalogue catalog catalogue Other Spelling Issues As you can see, with most of the spellings above, Canadians follow the British example. However, there are also words where Canadian English matches the American English spelling instead. These include: Tire (spelled â€Å"tyre† in British English) Curb (spelled â€Å"kerb† in Britain) Aluminum (spelled â€Å"aluminium† in British English) Consequently, it is wise to check any term you’re unsure about when using Canadian English. Hopefully this has helped you with the basics of Canadian-style spelling. But to make completely sure your writing is suitable for our northern neighbors (or, as a Canadian would say, â€Å"neighbours†), send us your document and select Canadian English as your preferred proofreading language.

Group dynamics and working in teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Group dynamics and working in teams - Essay Example Next, Tuckman requires that each group member must act in a manner that will ensure achievement of group goals or objectives (King, 2013). Specifically, the Tuckman theory of group dynamics focuses on five phases (Connell, 2009). Bruce Tuckman coined the term in his honor. Tuckman emphasized that five phases must be procedurally implemented in order to generated quality group output. The first Tuckman phase is forming. The phase indicates each team member tries to be accepted in the team. The members start forming the team. Team formation includes determining the functions or responsibilities of each team member (Forsyth, 2009). In the current home care working group, the team leader explains in detail the responsibilities of each team member. Each team member focuses on understanding the assigned tasks. The group members exchange pleasantries in order to get to know each other better. Consequently, the group members discuss their educational attainments, work experiences and other ice breaker topics (Clements, 2008). Further, the second Tuckman phase is storming. The phase requires tolerance among the team emphasized. Tolerance is required in order to diffuse any conflicts among the team members. As each member tries to impose one’s ideology or concept on the other team members, conflicts often arise. Tolerance means meeting halfway. There is a give and take of concepts or ideologies. Failure to tolerate the other group members’ persistent requirements or preferences may trigger a disintegration or dismemberment of the group (Schweighofer, 2011). In the current home care working group, each team member is encouraged to discuss one’s responsibilities. There is a no holds barred policy implemented. The three shift nurses discuss the required daily healthcare procedures, in terms of alleviating the hypertensive elderly patient’s well-being. Consequently, the three home care workers and

The Argument for and Against a European Single Currency Essay

The Argument for and Against a European Single Currency - Essay Example The current paper presents the arguments that have been stated for and against a single European currency. The review of the relevant literature leads to the conclusion that the establishment of a single currency zone across Europe was not carefully planned; as a result, inequalities in the economic development of member states have been unavoidable. In addition, for certain member states, such as Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland the entrance in the eurozone resulted to the severe economic crisis; this phenomenon has been related to the decision of these countries to leave their national currencies and to adopt euro. In general, if compared, the arguments for and against a single European currency seem to verify the negative impact that euro had on the national economies of most member states; the above risk should have been predicted in advance by developing appropriate tests and plans of emergent exit, in case of unexpected failures. 2. Arguments for a single European cur rency The European Monetary Union was established in 1999 (Arestis et al. 2001). The preparation for the establishment of EMU has started about 10 years before, in 1989 (Arestis et al. 2001). The establishment of the ‘European Monetary Institute in 1994’ (Arestis et al. 2001, p.29) was considered as a necessary step for promoting the creation of a single currency zone. In the years that followed, the arguments for the single European currency have been quite strong. More specifically, it was supported that a single currency could result in ‘lower prices and better resource allocation’ (Stivachtis 2013, p.329). In such case investment in the Union would be highly increased, a fact that could result in the significant increase of productivity and the limitation of unemployment in European Union (Stivachtis 2013). In addition, having its own currency would make the European Union a key player in the global market which is dominated by a dollar (Stivachtis 2013 ). At the next level, the establishment of a single currency zone could lead to the important limitation of transaction costs between member states, a fact that would favor the economies of all member states, a benefit that was never achieved through (Stivachtis 2013). Moreover, the need for the introduction of a currency that would be able to face pressures from other currencies and to set barriers to important fluctuations in exchange rates globally was emergent (Arestis et al. 2001). Particular emphasis has been given to the following fact: by joining the Eurozone, a member state could secure the stability of its economy: its currency would not be exposed to the fluctuations of exchange rates, a common phenomenon in the global market (Shuibhne and Gormley 2012).

Women And Their Adversities Essay Example for Free

Women And Their Adversities Essay Woman, half of the population is made up of us. Woman is the mother of life. If we are not here, there will be no father, no sons, no husbands, and no human beings. Adversity is a very difficult situation or problem that you face in lifetime. Every day women around the world face their adversities because of their sex, their colour, their religion, and what they wear. Good morning, everyone! I am Alice Walker. I am a black woman. From my experiences I have to say being a woman in a patriarchal society is not easy, and being a black woman is even harder. I lost one of my eyes when I was eight. It was the one of the major adversities in my life. And I overcame it by working to my full potential in school. Education plays a big part in my life. I overcame many adversities by education. The education I am talking about is not just going to school and learn the thing in the textbook. It can also mean watching TV, read book, and learning new things and skills. I believe that the quickest way to learn new things is through the media. One of my favourite movies is called Paradise Road. It based on a true World War II story. It tells a group of women with different background who were held captive in Singapore by the Japanese in 1942. With the support from one another and their incredible courage they survived the inhumane conditions in the concentration camp. They formed a music band with their voice, which expressed their unbreakable spirit of survival. The strong bonding developed among them and their courage touches me and inspires my writings. I also like to read novels and poems. In the poem Legend by famous Australian poet Judith Wright, the adventure of a blacksmiths boy was described. It shows the aspects of the human journey of transformation and growth through adversities. I always believe that the Blacksmiths boy in the poem symbolise all of us, especially those willing to climb mountains on their both physical and psychological journey of life. It gives me strength and courage when I am in face of my adversity, if a young boy can do it, so can I. Once I read a novel called The Cage of Butterfly by Brian Castle. Some people said it is a novel for children. But I think it suits everyone in todays society, just like the poem Legend does. It talks about how a group of young people helped other five children to escape from the lab in which they were used as lad rats. It explores the power of love, unity and friendship among these young people. It shows me that no matter how weak you are, with true love and true friendship everything is possible in life. Ive gained knowledge and inspiration from others work, and used them as sources for my own writings. My novel The Colour Purple tells the life story of a black woman Celie. From the beginning of her life, because of her gender and her colour, she experienced environmental adversities in patriarchal society, such as the discrimination from the white people and also from her people who had lighter skin. She also experienced physical adversity caused by her stepfather who raped her and sold her two children. Because of the lack of education and poverty, which were the other two adversities faced by her, she developed a low self-esteem and a negative feeling towards men and it soon became the psychological adversity for her. After she married Mr.__, her life was miserable filled with slavery and abuse from her husband. But thankfully she met a series of other black women who became her salvation: Nettie, her beloved sister; Shug, a woman with free spirit; Sofia, the strong-willed daughter in law whose strength and courage inspire her; and Squeak, who goes through awakenings of her own. In the process of escape from the cage of abuse and discrimination, the strong relationship between these women gave her inspiration and both emotional and physical support. Celie finally found the new meaning of life. My experiences of racism and sexism and the things I saw and heard about sex abuse, low education and poverty has influenced my writing deeply. The life of Celie was common in her time, and we know, it is still happening in the society today. May be less, but there are cases like this. Probably those women are sitting with us in this room now. They need our support and love. If we dont help them, no one can. Remember we are all women, black  women. We are meant to be free and live happily in the sun. We are not nothing; we are everything that we want be.

Radcliffe Summer Travel Grant Recipient Essay -- Social Services Educa

Radcliffe Summer Travel Grant Recipient 1. Personal Statement: I was sitting in Au Bon Pain the other day, trying to read a book for class, but happy for the distraction. Rick plopped himself down in the chair across the table. I hadn't seen him in almost a year. I had thought maybe things were going better for him. He soon told me differently. He was on the streets again. I knew it wouldn't be long before he was back at our shelter. I have now been working at the University Lutheran Church homeless shelter for two and a half years. I began as a volunteer, working the overnight shift, and have recently taken on the position of director. I spend a lot of time running around, making sure that each guest has dinner, a towel, a dry pair of socks. I make the time to sit down, to talk with guests. We think together about ways to secure permanent housing; we work on resumà ©s and interviewing strategies. About three weeks ago, Bill told me that he was ready to shoot his sister's boyfriend in the knee caps; his friend was to deliver him the gun the next day. We spent almost two hours talking through the possible consequences of his plan of action. The University Lutheran Church homeless shelter is the only student-run shelter in the country and it is completely staffed by volunteers. We are constantly revising our programs and are also now in the process of remodelling the shelter space with support from the church and grants from the Greater Boston Housing Authority. We spend a good part of each weekly meeting discussing the ways in which other shelters function and how we might adapt some of these ideas to our specific services. These comparative investigations allow us to build on previous experiments in services for the ... ...ge I would gain in this process would enable me to further my commitment to creating possibilities for efficient and effective social services. 2. Budget, Other Funding Sources: Budget (at IR £1.58 = US$1) A. Estimated Costs Travel: Toronto-Dublin-Toronto US$ 646.00 (student discount) Bike purchase US$ 50.00 Room and Board: Youth Hostel, with kitchen (three weeks) US$ 464.52 Food (three weeks) US$ 168.00 Additional expenses (laundry, newspapers, etc.) US$ 50.00 TOTAL US$ 1378.52 B. Resources Available From employment as Counselor for Harvard 25th Reunions US$ 425.00 Savings from term-time employment US$ 150.00 TOTAL US$ 575.00 C. Total Requested Under this Fellowship Estimated Costs - Resources Available = US$ 803.52 Other Funding Sources I am also applying for the following sources of funding: Harvard College Research Program

Analysis of Arabian Nights

ARABIAN NIGHTS SYNOPSIS In Baghdad there was a Sultan named Shahryar who had gone mad because he accidentally killed his wife who was unfaithful to him for he had an affair with the Sultan’s brother, Schahzenan. He gone mad because he thought that every women wanted to kill him and for that he requests to bring a harem girl to marry and be killed the next day. A clever woman named Scheherazade decide to marry the Sultan in order to prevent his madness. With the help of a storyteller she tells the him a story every night and stopping every dawn with a cliffhanger and refuse to continue until its night time again.This prevents the Sultan to kill Scheherazade and the stories she was telling has lessons and will cure the madness of the Sultan. The stories she had told were Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, The Tale of the Poor Hunchback, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, The Sultan and the Beggar and The Three Princes. When Schahzenan heard about the Sultan’s madness and thought of it as his weakness, he took advantage of it. He formed an army to battle with him in getting the throne but he failed because Sultan Shahryar was cured by Scheherazade with her stories.The Sultan fell in love with her and because of the morals of her stories they defeated the army. At the end, Scheherazade was telling the whole story to her children. ANALYSIS 1. Give three traditional, cultural and customary practices shown in the movie. Explain its significance. A. The remarriage of the Sultan after the death of his wife or to pass the throne to a sibling. This can be considered a tradition because this practice has been done a long time ago. Almost all royal families do this. This is an important tradition because this speaks of loyalty and sincerity of the king or the sultan to his position.Marrying again shows that he is dedicated to his position that he does not let his emotions conquer him. That even he is grieving to the death of his former wife; he doesn’t mind it be cause what more important is his people and not his own self and own happiness. He is not willing to give up the throne because he knew it might affect his people and their daily lives. When the leader changes, adjustment of the people becomes difficult. Many would not agree and many will be against it. A good leader knows this well that is why he gives good decisions. B. The performance of an exotic dance to celebrate a victory.This is a cultural practice for this shows the culture of a certain group. In the movie, in the part about Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Morgiana, the love of Ali Baba performed a dance in celebration of their victory. It is a victory for defeating the enemies. This is significant because this presents the true picture of a group. It shows what the group is, what do they do and how they make-known their culture. It is therefore important because this will be the way that they can be recognized and appreciated. That they can show to all that they also posse ss a rich culture.In just a simple dance number, every movement, the music, the steps, the costume and the emotions talks about something, it talks about a story which is about them and their tradition. C. The offering of a dowry in asking a princess for marriage. This is a very known practice ever since for in ancient stories every man who wants to marry should offer something special and costly to the woman and the family. This is also considered important because this shows respect and assurance to the future of the couple. This just represent that the family of the woman can be at peace that they can give their child to a trustworthy man.And this is also important because this gives a man the opportunity to present himself and prove to be a gentleman. 2. Give three to five representations of human character and how these human nature shown in the movie. A. Courageous Courage is the ability to face difficulty and this trait is possessed by Scheherazade. She was willing to risk he r life just to save her fellow women from the mad Sultan. Even she was a little nervous of what she had decided, she face the challenge with great courage and bravery, letting her fate decide what will happen to her as long as she pursue her plan.B. Wise This trait is possessed by Aladdin when he snatched the lamp from Mustappa. He used his skills and took it as an opportunity to bring back the lamp to his owner, himself. Even pick-pocketing is a bad habit, he still used it in a useful and good reason. He did it because he knew, Mustappa has evil plans for it. C. Oppurtunistic This negative trait is possessed by Sultan Harun Al-Rashid when he always plays a prank with the beggar, Amin. He took advantage of Amin because he thinks he is weak and that he could have fun using him.But at the end, because of his bad trait, he faced his consequence and that is to be killed by the person he belittled before. D. Loving This is presented by the three princes, they showed how much they love th eir father even at first, they always compete and quarrel. Even they always do this, their reason is always, they love their father and they will do anything for him. When they were requested to bring back a special thing to their father, they exerted effort and time just to have it. And also because of the love they have for their parent, the three of them learn to rule the kingdom with peace and harmony.E. Pessimistic Sultan Shahryar is pessimistic. This was shown when he was betrayed by his wife. Because of this experience, he blinded himself that all women are trying to kill him. He generalize that women has bad intentions against him. He did not try to see the brighter side of life, that what had happened to him has a purpose and reason, instead he let himself sink to his emotions and this had conquered his mind that is why he became mad. 3. Give three universal truths drawn from the movie and its application to personal experience. A. No man is an island.Even if how strong a p erson is, how brave he is and how unbreakable he is, he might not admit it, but he still needs a shoulder and a hand for support. I am not this kind of person but I think this is one lesson that might get from the story. I observe this with others, who shows the world they do not need help but when problems come they hopelessly aiming for it. Nobody survives alone, everyone needs somebody because as I can see, you cannot talk, cry, laugh and tap yourself. It’s much better to see someone who are happy when you are happy and wipes your tears when in pain.For short, it’s best when you have true friends. B. People who do bad things suffer the consequence of their action in the end. I always believe in this line because every action done has a corresponding consequence, may it be good or bad, it always depends on the former action. In my experience, what I did was, I didn’t ask permission that I’ll accompany my cousin at the park. We went there and played in à ¢â‚¬Å"monkey bars†. Unfortunately, I fell and broke my bone in the arm. And I really put this lesson in my mind. I also saw this in people who engaged in bad activities like pick-pocketing.They might benefit in that act but the so called karma, it might not strike them, instead their loved ones suffer for them. C. Everything happens for a purpose. This lesson may be applied in every situation and in any kinds of problems. Whatever happens, there is always a reason, we may not see it easily but as time passes by, we tend to realize why it had happened. Many problems come and sometimes we fail, but we should be open minded and realize that bad things happen because it will be exchanged with much of happiness. BEST PART OF THE MOVIEFor me, the best part of the movie is when Scheherazade conducted her plan to save the women and to rescue the Sultan from madness. In the time that she told the Sultan stories in order for him to heal. I like this because it showed â€Å"girl-powerâ € . It showed that even a long time ago, women had also out win men. That in a simple act, she had changed a very big thing. In this part, it showed that women are wise and courageous. I am very pleased and as I see it, I can’t resist feeling very proud of her and us, her fellow women. It showed that we can also be strong, that we can also stand and conquer something.It can be respect, power and appreciation of others. It’s brings me to an inspiration that I can also be like her, to have the courage to face difficulties. RECOMMENDATIONS 1. When watching the movie, the viewer should listen and take notes of the lines being uttered by the characters. This is because, these lines give inspiring thought to its viewers and it can be applied to some situations in each lives. 2. When watching, try to see yourself in the situation or in the characters because there is reality in their every action. There is truth in what they are doing because it can happen in a person in c ertainty.

The Positive and Negative Impacts of Sports Development in Malaysia and How It Boosts the Country’s Tourism Industry

The Positive and Negative Impacts of Sports Development in Malaysia and How It Boosts the Country’s Tourism Industry. Events Tourism is essentially an event that is staged by the destination to appeal and benefit from visitors, domestic and international. The event is the visitor’s primary purpose or motive for visiting, with the destination receiving either positive or negative impacts as a consequence of hosting it (McCartney, 2011). There are no doubt many events in Malaysia that enhance the interest of visitors are mostly done using sports. Hence, there are certain positive impacts of sports development in Malaysia. Despite the many positive impacts there is as a form of tourist attraction, it is disappointing that sports development in Malaysia has not been given much attention to as there are those who say many negatives impacts that may arise. Sport events generates diverse and heterogeneous flows of travelers that may include fans, athletes, coaches, media, team personnel, parents and family members (Gratton, Shibli & Coleman, 2004). The fact that sports events in Malaysia attract tourists is well established. Prominent examples are the Formula One Grand Prix, South East Asian Games, Thomas Cup Badminton Finals and the Commonwealth Games. Malaysia has never hosted the Olympic Games but will someday embrace the day when they do. The founder of the Olympic Games was none other than Pierre de Coubertin. He cited that, â€Å"competition produces harmony between competitors and the organizations or nations they represent’’. It was his believe that sport brings people and nation together. First of all, tourists travel away from home just to search for satisfying leisure activities. Not many might be interested in sports but rather somehow tourists are diverse and may participate in recreational sports event such as mountain climbing or white water rafting. These activities are also sports and they should be developed further despite being a recreational sport. For example, mountain climbing and white water rafting are 2 very famous sports in Australia and if tourists from Australia would come down to our country and wanting to do these activities, they would be disappointed. Although Malaysia has those 2 activities here and there but they are not taken very seriously. Thus, changing the diversity of the tourists where they would be forced to participate in sports that are more familiar in our country. Malaysia hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1998 and that has actually made a huge impact on the country’s tourism industry. How so? This is because there were participations from all the countries around the world to all compete in the Commonwealth Games. In that process, these foreign athletes are indirectly tourists as well. They are brought into our country to try our food, enjoy the weather, and experience the diversity of culture, also at the same time participating in the games. During their stay in our country, they will get to realize how beautiful our country is. In the long run, when the athletes are done with the games, they tend to tell the others from their countries what Malaysia is all about. The power of word of mouth will eventually start attracting more and more tourists to come in and visit. Hence the country’s tourism industry will be boosted and all it takes is by hosting a prominent event such as the Commonwealth Games in Malaysia. Malaysian’s sports developers can continue having international tournament for every possible sporting event there is to continue influencing foreign athletes and thus increasing the amount of tourists to come. However, Malaysian tourism industry must also meet the requirements of the tourists that will plan to visit. Much similar to the previous point, Malaysian sports developers can send local athletes out to foreign countries to also influence and spreading the wonders of our country. Thus, also another way of increasing the amount of tourists that hopefully will visit Malaysia. There is also a downside of sports development in Malaysia. Everybody knows that if the sports developers would to invest their funds wrongly, many things can go wrong. First of all, this would give a bad impression of our sport development among the foreign countries and would result in the decrease in the amount of tourists wanting to visit Malaysia. Next, foreign athletes or coaches will not be interested to come in as well. Even if a large sum of money would be involved, these foreign athletes are better of knowing that staying in a country where the sport development is depriving will just be a waste of their time. However, if the sports developers would want to invest their funds on a certain sport, they would have to try to enhance the athletes to get good performances and directly sending a message to other countries telling them how dominant we are in sports. If those foreign athletes knew how dominant we are in sports, most of them would want to come over to our country to train. Again that would be a golden opportunity for more tourists to come in. Foreign athletes that come over to train usually stay for months. So, they will be familiar with the culture of our country and also spread it among themselves when they get back to their country. Hence, they would want to know more about our country as they have only heard but not experience the lifestyle in Malaysia. However, it is a risk that the Malaysian sports developers have to take as they cannot predict how the Malaysian athletes will perform, but there are measures that can be taken to improve them. Once they are confident that the particular sport can bring glory to the country then they are able to invest their funds into them. By doing so, hopefully more and more foreign countries will recognize the potential in the Malaysian athletes and decides to come in and ‘blend’ with us Malaysians. However, some have that mentality stating it is because of the foreign coaches that are so called ‘betraying’ their country into coaching Malaysian athletes to glory. They need to be reminded that Malaysia will always welcome foreign coaches or athletes to come over and not to bring them in using external factors like money. It is clearly their preference and decision for them to come and visit Malaysia. Finally, it can be drawn from the points above that the Malaysian sport development is able to boosts the country’s tourism industry despite having negative impacts. It is essential to realize that there is a solution for those negative impacts which are yet to come. A study of what motivates tourist behavior must also take into account in relation to a variety of sport tourist profiles. Some chooses challenging sports, other prefers small amateur sporting event. They need to realize that the reason for an amateur event is for tourists to enjoy the leisure not to pressure or interrupt their free time. On the other hand, the focus is on performance in terms of skills when it comes to those who choose the more challenging sport. Nevertheless, the Malaysian sports developers will need to brainstorm on ways to offer different types of sport to associate with the preference of tourists who will be sitting our country. It is concluded that impacts on sports developments can boost the country’s tourism industry in many ways and in our country, they will keep finding alternatives to also improve the sports development to make Malaysia a powerhouse in years to come. From this conclusion, it’s interesting to know what really drives people to be sports tourists and more specifically what drives them to be a spectator of a sport event (Hendrik-Jan Ottevanger, 2007).

Analysis of Southwest Airlines Essays

Analysis of Southwest Airlines Essays Analysis of Southwest Airlines Paper Analysis of Southwest Airlines Paper Analysis of Southwest Airlines Module: Business Management Vanessa Eelma Alyssa Julianna Farkas Thomas Schillinger Peter Lukacs Attila Radvanszki Adam Radvanszki 29th November, 2010 Word Count : XXXX Contents 1. Introduction3 2. Literature Review4 2. 1General Introduction of Theories Used4 2. 2SWOT Analysis4 2. 3External Factors4 2. 4Organizational Structures4 2. 5Hofstede’s Theory5 2. 6Cultural Elements5 2. 7Motivation5 3Analysis of Southwest Airlines5 3. 1Industry5 3. 2Company’s Overview6 3. 3SWOT Analysis7 . 4External Analysis8 3. 5Organizational Structure8 3. 6Hofstede’s Theory9 3. 7Organizational Culture9 3. 8Motivation10 4. Conclusion and Recommendations11 5. References11 6. Appendices13 1. Introduction The chosen company for the analysis is called Southwest Airlines. It’s operating in the tourism industry, providing air travel. The company’s main differentiating attribute from its competitors is the main reason for our choice. The business is known for its cabin crew and outstanding customer service. This is proven by numerous prizes and awards that the company has won in the last three decades. In 2008, TIME. com ranked the company as the #1 Friendliest Airlines. According to their website their aim is: â€Å"To get the passengers to their destination safely and comfortably with a laugh or two along the way†. It is their attitude that caught our attention and encouraged us to analyze it in a deeper matter. The organization allows their employees to be innovative and individual with their daily tasks and duties. This ensures a pleasant work environment for the employees who then provide a good service to the customers. One of the qualities of Southwest airlines is „to do things differently†- meaning for example the explaining of safety regulations is made more entertaining by the cabin crew’s rapping while the customers are clapping along with the beat. A clip on Youtube of the described scenario got over 300  000 views and put the Southwest Airlines in the media light. This shows how outstanding organizational thinking and great human relations in treating the employees as individuals and letting them contribute with innovation can create an authentically friendly image and trough that, differentiate from the competitors on the market and achieve success. We believe that Southwest Airlines is a very successful company in its industry, and will continue being it if the organization’s management sticks to this spirit and open minded way of thinking. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 General Introduction of Theories Used To strategically analyse an organization, there are certain analytical techniques that come in handy. Firstly, we have chosen the SWOT analysis to evaluate the internal and external components. More closely, we look into the details of the external factors to see how the business is affected by them. Secondly, we decided to get insights into the company’s structure and decision making process. Thirdly, we decided to analyse the cultural effects and factors through Hofstede’s theory. We also go into more details to comprehend the company’s national culture. Last but not least, we decided to see what kind of motivation systems are used in this company. 2. 2 SWOT Analysis According to Tatum (2010), the SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool that includes external and internal factors and is utilized by businesses and other organizations to ensure that there is a clear objective defined for the project or venture, and that all factors related to the effort positive and negative are identified and addressed. The process of SWOT involves four areas of consideration: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. 2. External Factors External factors of a business organisation can be divided into two parts: Macro-environment and Micro-environment. Macro-environment factors are the SLEPT factors: Social, Legal, Economic, Political and Technological. These factors affect the decisions of the managers. Micro-environment factors are much less controllable. Certain industries are also affected by Porter’s â€Å"Five Forces† model (especially the air travel industry). 2. 4 Organizational Structures This refers to the way an organization arranges its employees and jobs in order to meet their goals. If the group is very small and there is active communication, a formal structure is often not necessary. However, if we are dealing with a larger organization, it is often harder to make decisions and therefore, there must be established procedure for tasks and responsibilities’ allocation. 2. 5 Hofstede’s Theory Hofstedes research gives us insights into other cultures so that we can be more effective when interacting with people in other countries. It includes areas, such as Power Distance, Masculinity, Individualism, Uncertainty Awareness, and Long-Term Orientation. . 6 Cultural Elements According to Bauer and Erdogan (2009), culture may not be immediately observable, identifying a set of values that might be used to describe an organization’s culture helps us identify, measure, and manage culture more effectively. The organization culture profile described by Bauer and Erdogan includes 7 main dimensions – innovative, aggressive, outcome-oriented, stable , people-oriented, team-oriented, and detail oriented ( (Please see the Appendix 1 for visual information). 2. 7 Motivation Motivation consists of internal and external factors that stimulate the desire and energy in people to be interested and committed to a job. They put persistent effort into their jobs in order to reach the goals. 2 Analysis of Southwest Airlines 3. 8 Industry The recent economical and financial downturn severely impacted the airline industry in 2009 and brought only small increases in 2010. The recession negatively influenced the discretional income of travellers. More precisely, the leisure travellers’ and business travellers’ budget changes resulted with a sudden decrease in their demand. Therefore, corporate policies tightened and generally the demand for travelling decreased. On the other hand, demand for substitute products, such as video conferences and surface travel, has increased. As a result, many airlines, including Southwest Airlines, responded with capacity cuts and fare discounting. On the other hand, Southwest used the opportunity also to further expand and because of its low-fare services, it could enter new markets as well. 3. 9 Company’s Overview Southwest Airlines is described on the NASDAQ profile as â€Å"a major passenger airline that provides scheduled air transportation in the US†. The company primarily serves short-haul routes, but over the recent years they have expanded their services to medium and long-haul routes as well. Their unique feature is that it only operates with Boeing 737 as it is a domestic low cost carrier company and it was necessary to have aircrafts that are easy to maintain and repair. If a company only uses one type of aircraft, the technical issues are easy to minimize. It is important to mention that according to its annual report (2009), its low fare system and point-to-point service, despite the overall decline in the aviation industry in the 2009 recession; Southwest expanded by opening four new routes ( New York, Minneapolis, Boston and Milwaukee). Based on the most recent data available from the U. S. Department of Transportation, it was the largest air carrier in the United States (measured by the number of originating passengers boarded). Today, the company’s headquarter is in Dallas, Texas and employs 34,726 people. Based on the company’s NASDAQ profile and according to the annual report of Datamonitor, Southwest recorded revenues of $10,350 million during the financial year ending in December 2009, a decrease of 6. 1% compared to 2008. The operating profit of the company was $262 million during 2009, a decrease of 41. 6% compared to 2008. The net profit was $99 million in 2009, a decrease of 44. 4% compared to FY2008. Their New York Stock Exchange ticket is LUV, which is cleverly used also in their internal and external marketing as well, connecting it as an easy going way of saying LOVE. 3. 10 SWOT Analysis Strengths Applying Herb Kellehers unorthodox leadership style, which executes a different hierarchical framework to solve the customer problems more efficiently. Employees can ask for advice more flexibly because if necessary they can go around the direct superiors. * Unique features: â€Å"Bags fly free †promotion,â€Å" Ding desktop gadget for tickets and an â€Å"Online T ravel Guide Community† feature. * Providing point-to-point, and low cost service. Which results in the optimizing the key assets (aircraft, gates, and employees). * Specialâ€Å"In-Flight Entertainment† as product differentiation. * Saving maintenance expenses by using the same air carrier. Using SWABIZ a free online reservation tool specifically designed for business travellers. * Executing a remarkable fuel hedge strategy that saves the airline vast number of costs every year. Weaknesses * Not using the usual â€Å"Reserved Seating† and seat scaling of different classes. * Being dependent on a single manufacturer (Boeing) * Onlyon domestic market. Opportunities * Room for expansion still exists (national and international markets). * Rapid growth of Hispanic population could serve as the basis of a new marketing campaign targeting the Hispanic youth as their future target segment. Offering private flights designed for business travellers, Southwest could reach out to a very profitable segment. * Investing in technology could increase the company’s profitability by reducing costs or by offering more unique services. Threats * Satisfying the passengers’ demand of different classes without scattering the image. * Since the pilots’ average fly ing hours were above the industry’s hours and the flight attendants are cleaning the planes, employee dissatisfaction could increase and result in lower customer service. Constant updates on competitors’ online ticket reservation systems. * The economic phenomenon of fuel price fluctuation. * The security issues after 9/11. * The appearance of legal regulations that might impact the use of Boeing 737 (noise reduction policies etc. ) To correctly interpret the above data, it is important to realise that Southwest has much less weaknesses than strengths, both external and internal. In addition, if we carefully observe those weaknesses, they are actually the characteristic features of low cost carriers. Therefore, they are not considered as real weaknesses that could ultimately be solved in the future. Moreover, the unique fuel hedge strategy they have protects them from most external threats. The organizational culture they have developed protects them from most internal threats. 3. 11 External Analysis In case of the Airline industry, this is the most important force nowadays, since the market is completely oversupplied. However, Southwest has performed extremely well in recent years but the new low-cost entrants remain as potential threats. 3. 2 Organizational Structure The organizational structure of Southwest is a typical hierarchical structure – centralized and formal. According to Rivera et al. (2003), only the Executive Vice Presidents and top managers have the task of reporting directly to the CEO and they are also the ones who are responsible for making strategic decisions that are significant for the future of the organization. It seems that the CEO and top managem ent team trust the middle managers. Moreover, the top managers make themselves available to employees on the front line. Southwest has a „Loose tight design† (Buller 2006). Employees are encouraged to try new things because they have an informal job description. In addition, they are also given the freedom to innovate as long as they keep the necessary safety standards. They do what is necessary in order to satisfy the customer needs. Besides the customer awareness system the company provides â€Å"room to grow†. The top management team develops leadership and communication skills for lower level management, and 90% of supervisory positions are filled internally. Therefore, it follows both a mechanistic model and an organic model. The first model is used on the upper level (corporate office and cabin crew) and the organic model is used where safety and time is not of high priority. 3. 13 Hofstede’s Theory * Power distance: Employees have informal job descriptions and are encouraged to be innovative. We can say the less powerful members of the organisation accept that power is distributed unequally because they are satisfied how they are treated. * Uncertainty avoidance: It’s quite low because employees are not afraid of ambiguous situations. Roles are less written down than among other competitors. Employees use their image and knowledge. * Individualism: Team work is an essential requirement at Southwest. However, the evaluation of employees is based on individual performances (e. g. collecting compliment cards from passengers can result in promotions). * Masculinity: Southwest Airlines is a feminine company. Cooperation plays significant role; the atmosphere is friendly and the stress level is low. * Long-Term Oriented: They have a way of thinking and acting that it is better to move at a slow pace and do it well. The proof of that is the fact how many restrictions they had in the beginning yet made it to the level they are at today. 3. 14 Organizational Culture Southwest Airlines has a very team-oriented culture. They cross-train their employees so that when there is any need, they can help each other. Furthermore, the company emphasizes on the importance of intact work team. They have daily meetings twice a day („Morning overview meeting† and „Daily afternoon discussion†). In those meetings, they try to understand the problems and potential solutions as a team. Moreover, when the company hires people, one of the key characteristics that they look for is being a team player. If the candidate doesn’t fit those criteria, he/she is not hired. This is a great culture, as the interpersonal relationships in the company are much less tense and less competitive, which eventually creates a positive work atmosphere and employee loyalty to the company. Not only is there a good attitude among the employees, but also among the workers and their managers. Even though Service is not included in those dimensions, Southwest Airlines is very strong in that area too. This means that the employees are taught to serve the customers well (â€Å"The customer is the king†). Employees have the power to decide to solve issues with the customers – they decide on the right course of action as they have direct contact with the customers (Please see Appendix 2 for more details). 3. 15 Motivation Southwest Airlines is a perfect example of how the employees are motivated to such high degree that they „Luv† their job. The employees can come to work dressed in shorts, sneakers, and polo shirts. They’re encouraged to be positive and joke around (hence the name „Fun-in-the-sky airline†). The CEO, Herb Keller, believes that a company is stronger if it is bound by love, rather than fear. Southwest Airlines has become one of the most loved companies in the world and even their mission explains why – „Employees are our first customers†. It makes sense – if you treat the employees well, they treat the customers well. They send cards to all of their employees on their birthdays, anniversary of employment, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Furthermore, they have fun competitions held regularly (e. g. Halloween costume contest, Thanksgiving poem contest, an Annual Chilli Cook-off). They have also received awards for being the best for on-time performance and baggage handling and the least complaint receiving, which also motivates the employees. The employees are also rewarded and recognized if they have performed outstandingly. 4. Conclusion and Recommendations Alyssa 5. References 1. Southwest Airlines (Internet) Available from:†¹ southwest. com/about_swa/why_fly_southwest. html †º [Accessed on November 24. 2010] 1. Youtube (Internet) Available from: †¹ youtube. com/watch? v=tnOxvbGOTbM †º [Accessed on November 24. 010] 2. Naylor, J. (2004), Management, Prentice Hall Financial Times, the United Kingdom 3. Bauer, T. amp; Erdogan, B. (2009) â€Å"Organizational Behaviour† Available from : †¹ flatworldknowledge. com/node/28971#web-28971†º [Accessed on November 24. 2010] 4. Nelson, B. (2002) â€Å"Motivation Matters : Southwest Employees LUV their job† Available from : †¹http://meetingsnet. com/corporatemeetingsincentives/meetings_motivation_matters_southwest/†º [Accessed on November 24. 2010] 5. Tatum, M. (2010) â€Å"What is SWOT Analysis? † Available from: lt; isegeek. com/what-is-swot-analysis. htmgt; [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 6. ‘May 2009 Airline Traffic Data: System Traf fic Down from May 2008’ Available from: lt; bts. gov/press_releases/2009/bts039_09/pdf/bts039_09. pdfgt; [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 7. Southwest Airlines (2010) Available from: lt; southwest. comgt; [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 8. (2010) Southwest NASDAQ profile Available from: lt;http://quotes. nasdaq. com/asp/SummaryQuote. asp? symbol=LUVamp;selected=LUVgt; [Accessed on November 23. 010] 9. Southwest Annual Profile (2010) Available form: †¹ datamonitor. com/store/Product/southwest_airlines_co? productid=DEFBDE99-9B78-4A63-BE9C-7EA7568D476E†º [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 10. Heynold, Y. and Rosander, J. (2006) â€Å"A new organizational model for airlines† Available from: †¹https://www. mckinseyquarterly. com/A_new_organizational_model_for_airlines_1700†º [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 11. Unknown Author, â€Å"The Airline Industry And Porter Five Model Forces† (2010) Available from: †¹ oppapers. om/essays/Airline-Industry-P orter-Five-Model-Forces/122555†º [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 12. â€Å"Organizational Culture and Management at Southwest Airlines† (2009) Available from: †¹ docstoc. com/docs/9480710/Organizational-Culture-and-Management-at-Southwest-Airlines†º [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 13. Brews, P. J. amp; Tucci, C. L. (2004), â€Å"Organizational Structure† Available from: †¹ oppapers. com/essays/Airline-Industry-Porter-Five-Model-Forces/122555†º [Accessed on November 23. 2010] 6. Appendices Appendix 1: The Organization Culture Profile Appendix 2:

Sample English Speech about Life How to Be Successful after Graduation

Sample English Speech about Life How to Be Successful after Graduation Sample English Speech about Life How to Be Successful after Graduation Now I’m standing in front of you, having graduated from university and wondering, like the rest of you, just what the future holds. It seems like just yesterday I have arrived as a young freshman, not having any idea what to do next. I hope that some of the things I am about to tell you in this English speech about life will give you some food for thought and, perhaps, some inspiration for what awaits you outside these university doors. Manage Your Life after Graduation The best time to thÃ'â€"nk Ð °bÐ ¾ut thÐ µ life after grÐ °duÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"Ã'• bÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ graduation. Regardless Ð ¾f whÐ °t level students Ð °rÐ µ Ã'â€"n the Ã' Ã ¾llÐ µgÐ µ, Ð °Ã'• lÐ ¾ng Ð °Ã'• you havent grÐ °duÐ °tÐ µd yet, Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"Ã'• thÐ µ best tÃ'â€"mÐ µ tÐ ¾ think Ð °bÐ ¾ut hÐ ¾w to Ð µntÐ µr thÐ µ adult world. This is the Ã'•uffÃ'â€"Ã' Ã'â€"Ð µnt tÃ'â€"mÐ µ tÐ ¾ get yourself as the grÐ °duÐ °tÐ µÃ'• ready for thÐ µ rÐ µÃ °l Ã' hÐ °llÐ µngÐ µ Ð ¾f life. Here are some tÃ'â€"Ã'€Ã'• Ð ¾n hÐ ¾w to manage lÃ'â€"fÐ µ after grÐ °duÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n: Choose YÐ ¾ur Career PÐ °th Mull over the aspects Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u Ð °rÐ µ good Ð °t and wÐ ¾rk at them. AÃ'€Ã'€lÃ'Æ' for jÐ ¾bÃ'• thÐ °t interest Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u or are rÐ µlÐ °tÐ µd tÐ ¾ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur field. Do nÐ ¾t rÐ µlÃ'Æ' on Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur parents’ or frÃ'â€"Ð µndÃ'• Ã' hÐ ¾Ã'â€"Ã' Ã µs. Dont lÐ µt Ð ¾thÐ µrÃ'• Ã' Ã ¾ntrÐ ¾l Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur dÐ µÃ'•tÃ'â€"nÃ'Æ'. Moreover, dÐ ¾ not let things juÃ'•t hÐ °Ã'€Ã'€Ð µn. Live thÐ µ life thÐ °t Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u want. TÐ °kÐ µ a lÐ µÃ °d. SÐ µt GÐ ¾Ã °lÃ'• LÃ'â€"kÐ µ when you wÐ µrÐ µ Ð °t the university thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ deadlines, in real lÃ'â€"fÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u have to Ã'•Ð µt goals tÐ ¾ Ð °Ã' hÃ'â€"Ð µvÐ µ what Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u want tÐ ¾ hÐ °Ã'€Ã'€Ð µn. ThÃ'â€"Ã'• tÃ'â€"mÐ µ, theres nÐ ¾ Ã'€rÐ µÃ'•Ã'•urÐ µ Ð °nÃ'Æ'mÐ ¾rÐ µ. You are the only one who is responsible for Ã'•Ð µtting Ð °nd mÐ °nÐ °ging Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur gÐ ¾Ã °lÃ'•. SÃ'€rÐ µÃ °d YÐ ¾ur WÃ'â€"ngÃ'• It dÐ ¾Ã µÃ'• not mÐ µÃ °n thÐ °t Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u hÐ °vÐ µ tÐ ¾ travel thÐ µ whole wÐ ¾rld. It juÃ'•t mÐ µÃ °nÃ'• thÐ °t Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u hÐ °vÐ µ to Ð µxtÐ µnd Ð °nd mÐ °xÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"zÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur tÐ °lÐ µnt Ð °nd Ã'•kÃ'â€"llÃ'•. You Ã' Ã °n go tÐ ¾ other Ã'€lÐ °Ã' Ã µÃ'• to look for bÐ µttÐ µr Ð ¾Ã'€Ã'€Ð ¾rtunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µÃ'•. Don’t bÐ µ Ã'•tÐ °gnÐ °nt. Spread Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur wÃ'â€"ngÃ'• Ð °nd flÃ'Æ'. BÐ µ Thrifty AlwÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• put some mÐ ¾nÐ µÃ'Æ' aside. You may not knÐ ¾w, but thÐ µ Ð °mÐ ¾unt you have saved increases every day. BÐ µÃ'â€"ng thrÃ'â€"ftÃ'Æ' Ã'â€"Ã'• Ð °lÃ'•Ð ¾ thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rÃ'•t Ã'•tÐ µÃ'€ to mÐ °nÐ °gÃ'â€"ng your fÃ'â€"nÐ °nÃ' Ã µÃ'•. In thÃ'â€"Ã'• way, Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u will knÐ ¾w where Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u gÐ µt Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur money Ð °nd where it Ã'â€"Ã'• going. You Ã' Ã °n uÃ'•Ð µ these savings Ã'â€"f Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u hÐ °vÐ µ to buy Ã'•Ð ¾mÐ µthÃ'â€"ng you nÐ µÃ µd but Ã'â€"Ã'• Ð ¾ut Ð ¾f your budgÐ µt. MÐ ¾Ã'•t Ã'â€"mÃ'€Ð ¾rtÐ °ntlÃ'Æ', you Ã' Ã °n Ð °lwÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• use this money during Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µnÃ' ies. Smile EnjÐ ¾Ã'Æ' thÐ µ real world. In Ð µvÐ µrÃ'Æ' lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ thÃ'â€"ng you do, Ã'•tÐ °rt thÐ µ day wÃ'â€"th a smile Ð °nd Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u wÃ'â€"ll find that it is infectious. In the real wÐ ¾rld, your Ã'•uÃ' Ã' Ã µÃ'•Ã'• Ã'â€"Ã'• not mÐ µÃ °Ã'•urÐ µd Ð ¾n how many Ã' hÐ °llÐ µngÐ µÃ'• Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u have faced, but Ð ¾n hÐ ¾w you manage them. It doesnt Ã' Ã ¾unt Ã'â€"f you Ð °lwÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• fÐ µÃ µl dÃ'â€"Ã'•gruntlÐ µd bÐ µÃ' Ã °uÃ'•Ð µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ trÃ'â€"Ð °lÃ'• you have endured. But it counts a lÐ ¾t Ã'â€"f Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u are Ã'•tÃ'â€"ll Ã'•mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ng Ð °mÃ'â€"dÃ'•t thÐ µ difficulties thÐ °t Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u hÐ °vÐ µ gÐ ¾nÐ µ through. AlwÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• kÐ µÃ µÃ'€ Ã'â€"n mÃ'â€"nd that a nÐ µw dÐ °Ã'Æ' Ã'â€"Ã'• juÃ'•t a dÐ °Ã'Æ' Ð °wÐ °Ã'Æ'. Life Ð °ftÐ µr grÐ °duÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n is hÐ °rd. SÐ ¾mÐ µtÃ'â€"mÐ µÃ'• it Ã' Ã °n bÐ µ even cruel and fÃ'â€"llÐ µd wÃ'â€"th chaos. But Ã'â€"f thÐ µrÐ µ iÃ'• Ã'€rÐ ¾Ã'€Ð µr planning bÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ grÐ °duÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, there is nÐ ¾thÃ'â€"ng tÐ ¾ worry Ð °bÐ ¾ut. Life Ð °ftÐ µr graduation wÃ'â€"ll bÐ µ just Ð °Ã'• Ð µÃ °Ã'•Ã'Æ' Ð °Ã'• a simple piece of hÐ ¾mÐ µwÐ ¾rk. If you need academic expert writing help you can visit our speech writing service.

Analytical techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analytical techniques - Essay Example Experts have concentrated towards the identification of certain measures that can help in the mitigation of the errors in different fields. Some analytical techniques and procedures have been discovered as remedies to the occurrence, execution and interpretation of errors and these techniques and procedures are commonly used to minimize the probability of errors. (Grabowski and Roberts, 1996, p16) The analytical techniques and procedures employed for dealing with the errors used to be different for each case however, there are some common and widely accepted procedures like Six Sigma etc that are applicable to almost every field and can help the related individual and organizations in effectively dealing with different types, stages and levels of errors. The paper aims to discuss some major and widely accepted error mitigation analytical techniques that have proved their significance in dealing with the errors both at execution and interpretation stages. The essay presents the examples of errors that commonly occurred in different fields and also discuss the analytical techniques that are commonly used in these fields to deal with these errors. (Goodstein et al, 1988, p98) As discussed above that with no exceptions, error occurred in every field. The intensity and effects of these errors may vary from one field to another and ultimately the procedures and techniques used to deal with these errors also vary from one field to another. It implies that the medical errors are different in nature from the business, linguistics or lab errors and thus, these errors are dealt quite differently from the errors occurred in any other field. For instance, in statistical data an error can be occurred in form of difference found between the computed and theoretically correct values that can be deal by rechecking formulas and calculation methods. In science and

Wireless Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wireless - Research Paper Example The commonly media used in computer communication are categorized into bounded and unbounded media. Bounded media are the physical connections that make up a network system. These physical media are the most reliable for message sending, and they do provide faster data communication through high speed transfer of signals over long distances. Examples include coaxial cable, twisted pair cable and the fiber optic. The unbound media literally use the wireless connections and the transmission done via electronic waves (Odom W., Healy R., and Donohue D., 2010). Data Communication Protocols are a combination of both hardware and software standards that are established to effectively govern data transmission between computers. I.e., TCP/IP is a collection of different communication protocols based on IP and TCP. The TCP (Transmission Control Protocols) is applied in the transmission of data from an application to the network systems after breaking down data into IP packets before the transmission and assembling of the packets immediately they are received on the destination end. IP (Internet Protocol), however, protects the communication with other computer devices by sending and receiving the data packets over the internet (Clark A. P.,

IV Catheter Insertion Needle Stick Incidences Research Paper

IV Catheter Insertion Needle Stick Incidences - Research Paper Example The needle stick injuries are relatively lower. The healthcare workers face a great risk, due to occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. The exposure may lead to transmission of disease causing pathogens, which result to infection and other hazardous consequences for the health workers. The safety catheter requires activation by user, and it is simple to activate and this ensures that injuries are minimized. Therefore, it clear that needle stick injuries are preventable through the use of safe needles, and the application of worker education and practice controls that are driven towards the reduction of injuries. On average, a health care practitioner is exposed to the dangers of deadly blood borne pathogens, through the contamination of needle sticks, or splash exposures (American Nurses Association, 2002). This is a great risk that faces every frontline health worker. Although this problem is regarded as part of the job of the health care workers, the Needle stick Safety and Prevention Act of 2001 is a legislation that was signed by the federal government, for the purpose of safeguarding the welfare of healthcare workers. The paper seeks to examine the issue of IV Catheter Insertion Needles, and particularly, whether the introduction of IV catheter insertion needles reduces the risk of needle sticks (Jegger & Bentley, 1998). The retractable needle IV catheter is designed in a manner that reduces the needle-stick injuries, and this is in line with the federal regulations, on the risk of heath care workers. Needle stick injuries are accidental skin penetrations and stab wounds, which are caused by hollow-bore needles, which include hypodermic needles, blood-collection needles, IV catheter stylets and other needles (Lawson, n.d.). Nurses and health care workers are exposed to needle sticks, at least every month while either inserting or removing the peripheral IV catheters. This form of risk is reported to be

Purchasing And Storage Department Commerce Essay

Purchasing And Storage Department Commerce Essay Purchasing  refers to a business or organization attempting to acquiring goods or services to accomplish the goals of its enterprise. Though there are several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly  between  organizations. Typically the word purchasing is not used interchangeably with the word procurement, since procurement typically includes  Expediting, Supplier Quality, and Traffic and Logistics (TL) in addition to Purchasing. What is storing? Basically, storing is when staying in a hotel during vacation, its likely youll have some valuable items and documents on hand like jewelry or passports. Its important to have a safe place to store these items when staying overnight at a hotel, and understanding the different types of storage options different hotels are likely to offer will help you decide how to store your valuables. In Restaurant sector, storing refers to preserving and keeping stock of food and beverages in order to use them when needed. PURCHASING Simplifying purchase While technology is enabling all departments related to purchase to appear on a common platform, there are a few issues where technology fails to offer any solution, thereby calling the need for  human  intervention with sound judgment. While operating a hotel is supposed to be a difficult task, managing the entire procurement process (for such a unit) is even more so. The purchase department handles the task of procurement yet all departments  play  a crucial role in it. That said technology ensures that inter-departmental activities takes place flawlessly. Although purchase has now become dependent on technology for managing inventories and order status, it was originally a manual job. From selection of products to deciding on a vendor, this department rests on the human ability of judgment. However technology is now making the processes related to other departments easier by streamlining all activities. Bulk buying Purchase is about procuring products in large quantities for the stores catering to various department needs. In this, various operational tools bridge the relationship  between the purchase department and stores, fulfilling the requisites of all departments. If we trace back to earlier times, the process of procuring was done manually where storekeepers would spend time contacting suppliers and then placing the orders after checking and re-checking the inventories placed by various departments for duplication of orders and so on. There existed a Bin card system that took stock manually and preparing all the relevant reports through various stock registers, etc. Das adds, Today, technology is helping us to indent, maintain, analyze and control the total inventory with greater ease and accuracy. The systems are smart as well as user-friendly to provide you the alerts and prior intimation about the PAR stock and expiry date, etc. Simplifying purchase order Technology might be one crucial aspect that is vital for procurement today but the genesis of the software systems used for it have been a perfect replica of the tasks earlier done manually i.e. the purchase order. Das simplifies this and says, There are a lot of different aspects which are kept in mind while preparing a purchase order and its frequency. The preparation of the purchase order is proportionately related to the consumption pattern and its requirement. Technology still has some drawbacks in the decision making process. It helps in collating information but that doesnt help in making the final decision. Kailash Bahuguna, purchase manager at The Metropolitan Hotel New Delhi, is of the opinion that technology has not invaded this area of operation totally; a lot of tasks are human-driven and would remain so in future as well. The important job of this department would always remain the negotiation that we do with vendors, reviewing of content for purchasing, etc. Technology can only assist, he adds. While the preference for vendors could be gauged with data like withstanding capacity, rate comparison, stipulated delivery time and extended credit facility, the final decision is made after identifying the suppliers reputation and relationship the hotel shares with it, which are subjective issues and purchase committee makes a final decision. Das says, Frequent market surveys are conducted by the standing purchase committee to assess the current prevailing rate and subsequently used for fruitful negotiations. Technology runs parallel to all tasks to enable swift decisions thereby assisting the entire process. Vendor and inventory management play an important role in preparing the purchase order by various departments (in terms of substitute and new vendors depending on the product demand and urgency), which is notified to purchase for requisition. Das says, In hotels, the purchase officer is in close coordination with other department heads for timely procurement, maximum utilization of materials, seasonal variance in material procurement, and combating the non-availability of materials in unprecedented conditions. Challenges to overcome The challenges vary from hotel to hotel. The structure though remains the same; one needs to take various factors into consideration like geographic location, size of the hotel, operation period, etc. During the initial days of operations of a new property, the challenges are distinctively unique identifying the possible consumption and requirement needs meticulous calculation as there are no past records to look at. A property that is in operation for some years should try and bring all departments (with reference to purchase) on a single platform for smooth information flow. Bahuguna says it enables a sound way to justify codification and stacking methods helping in the inventory management. STORING Any type of foodservice facility begins its food preparation process at the  back  door, by receiving and storing the raw materials. Food, beverages, and supplies must all be accounted for and properly stored until theyre needed. There are two basic types of storage: dry and refrigerated.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dry storage is for canned goods, paper products, and anything else that doesnt need to be kept cold. Refrigerated storage is for items that must be kept chilled or frozen until used.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this article, youll learn more about them both and about the types of equipment needed to outfit your receiving and storage areas for efficiency, safety, and conservation of space. The list includes: Scales Pallets Carts Shelves Well also explain how refrigeration systems work in refrigerators, coolers, freezers, ice makers, and specialty systems like beer kegs and soft-serve machines, and discuss how to select them for your operation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RECEIVING AND DRY STORAGE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Youd be amazed at how many deliveries arrive at the back door or loading dock of the average restaurant in a week. And they all have one thing in common: They must all be checked for accuracy by someone on your staff. Many owners and chefs go a  step further, personally inspecting the quality of fresh items such as produce and seafood and rejecting on the spot those that do not meet their standards or expectations.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having a well-organized receiving area, setting certain hours for deliveries, and designating employees who are responsible for accepting and storing incoming stock will save you time and money. Illustration 10-1 shows some of the smartest outdoor dock area features.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Merchandise goes from the dock area into the receiving area, shown in Illustration 10-2. The well-equipped receiving area will contain these basic items: Scales Pallets Carts and trucks Shelves MEASURES TO BE TAKEN CARE OF Storerooms should be well ventilated, free of dampness and free of pests and bugs. Bulk products such as sugar and flour, can be emptied into tightly covered, properly labeled approved containers to prevent outside contamination. Storage containers must have openings large enough to allow easy cleaning between uses. Food cannot be stored in locker rooms, rest rooms, dressing rooms, garbage rooms, mechanical rooms, under sewer lines that are not shielded to intercept potential drips, under leaking water lines (including leaking automatic fire sprinkler heads) under Lines on which water has condensed, or under open stairwells. Products must be stored on shelves or platforms 6 inches from the floor to ensure adequate cleaning of the storeroom floor. REFRIGERATION All food must be labeled and dated. Arrange containers apart from one another in a refrigerator to ensure proper cooling. This allows air to circulate around containers. Cover all food while in storage. Covering keeps food from drying out and minimizes the possibility of contamination. In walk-in coolers, store all food on shelves. The food should be kept at least 6 inches off of the floor. The floor needs to be swept and mopped. Store poultry and meats on the bottom shelves to prevent meat from leaking onto other foods. Use foods on a first in, first out basis (FIFO). Refrigerated, ready-to-eat, potentially hazardous food prepared and held for more than 24 hours in a facility must be marked with the date of preparation. It must be discarded if not sold or served within ten calendar days. RECEIVING PROCEDURES IN THE RESTAURANT Receiving food and supplies from your vendors requires more than simply taking boxes off a delivery truck. Restaurant owners and managers should have procedures in place for any employee who handles deliveries. Consider these suggestions for ways to manage deliveries and other receiving procedures in your restaurant. VERIFICATION Whenever a restaurant receives an order, the manager or responsible employee should check in the order, or verify that the correct amount of products were received as well as checking the quality of the incoming product. Follow these steps: Verify the quantity   Be sure that every product you ordered is accounted for in the delivery. An easy way to do this is to compare your order guide to your invoice and manually check off all items as you look through the delivery. Be sure that product weights and counts are correct. Ensure quality Be sure the items are of good quality. All refrigerated or frozen items should arrive at the proper temperature, and products should show no signs or damage. However, for one reason or another, food products may arrive unusable. When product is received in poor condition, such as moldy or rotten, the manager should refuse the order if possible, and contact the vendor immediately to schedule another delivery. Check the cost Make sure the total cost on the invoice is correct. The money you spend on food orders and other supplies usually makes up a large part of your restaurant expenses, and recording the appropriate amount in your financial records is very important to your overall profits and losses. KEEP TRACK OF ALL PURCHASES Keeping track of all purchase invoices will help you stay organized and aware of your spending. When you receive your order, record the total cost the order invoice on your restaurant profit and loss statement (PL). You can easily log this data in most accounting software, or in a PL spreadsheet on the back  office computer. This will also help you calculate your inventory and usage, since you add the newly purchased goods to those you have on hand to determine your total available inventory. Date and Store Supplies Once you have checked your food for quality and recorded the cost and inventory amount in your records, you are ready to put away your food and supplies. This should be done immediately to ensure that food remains at safe temperatures and to keep an organized kitchen. For perishable foods, this involves dating and appropriately storing the products on your  restaurant storage and shelving units. How to Keep Your Customers Healthy There are laws and systems that have been established to help ensure that the food served in restaurants is safe. Bacteria grow very easily if given the chance. The local Health Department will send out inspectors to make sure that the chefs and servers are following the proper guidelines. Inspectors will issue fines for minor violations and can shut you down for major violations. Working with Inspectors from The Local Health Department The Heath Department will work with you to establish the correct systems and practices. The inspectors are often feared and dreaded (as they usually show up unannounced at the worst possible time), but most of the regulations have important ramifications for keeping food clean and safe. A system called  HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point  consists of seven important steps to ensure food safety. This system was actually first designed to maintain food safety for NASA astronauts so you know this stuff works! The three main elements of the system are:  food microbiology,  quality control  and  risk assessment. The 7 steps of HACCP are as follows Assess hazards and potential risks. Identify critical control points including cross contamination, cooking, cooling, hygiene. Set up procedures to make sure safety is maintained at all critical control points. Monitor critical control points and use the correct signs, tools, and training materials to ensure this. Take corrective actions as soon as a critical control point is in jeopardy or when any violations are pointed out by the Health Department. Set up a record-keeping system to log all of your flowcharts and temperature checks Keep up with the system to make sure it is working. Each food item served in your restaurant will need its own flow chart, which looks at every step of the foods journey from being received into the restaurant from a purveyor to being served to a customer. The steps in between include storage, preparation, holding/display, service, cooling, storage of leftovers and reheating techniques. The  Executive Chef  will be responsible for these flow charts. Avoiding Food Contamination There are many safety procedures to follow when preparing food in your restaurant. One of the most important is to thaw frozen foods properly. You can cook food from its frozen state or by refrigerating it at under 38 degrees F. You may also thaw under running water at a temperature of 70 degrees F. or below for up to two hours. A microwave is another acceptable way to thaw foods, but only if the entire cooking period will be in the microwave or the food will be finished (immediately after microwaving) by another cooking method. Food items such as meats and poultry must be cooked to the correct internal temperatures. Thermometers are the best way to ensure accuracy of these temps. Avoid Cross Contamination Cross contamination is all too common in kitchens today. Be sure to clean and sanitize any equipment used to prepare food between uses and be particularly vigilant when handling a potentially harmful food such as raw poultry,beef or fish. There is a danger zone of temperature, 40 degrees F. 140 degrees F., within which food bacteria multiply rapidly and can thrive. The temperature of food should be kept out of this zone as much as possible. The limit for time spent in the danger zone including all aspects of storage, preparation and service is 4 hours. Food Storage Storage is another way to protect your food from becoming contaminated or spoiled. There are rules for this area as well. Use the first in, first out (FIFO in accounting) rule meaning that foods should be used in the order they are delivered. For instance, do not use the newest milk first if you still have two gallons that are good from your last delivery. Date goods and place the new behind the old on your storage shelves. Keep all foods wrapped and clean. Each item in your walk-in refrigerator, freezer and your dry storage should be in a sealed labeled container or package with the contents and date received. Do not take a chance on questionable foods: When in doubt, throw it out is a great rule to live when it comes to food safety. Go through your refrigerator unit regularly and get rid of spoiled foods. The refrigerator temperature must be below 38 degrees F. Items stored include meats, seafood, vegetables and dairy products. Keep a working thermometer in the unit at all times so you will know at a glance if there is a problem. You do not want to lose your entire inventory! Freezers should keep foods at below 0 degrees F. Most foods will not maintain their quality in a freezer so it should be used only as needed. Use fresh products whenever possible.Items in dry storage should be kept between 50 70 degrees F with a relative humidity of 50 60%.